Introduction:
The present study investigated the anti-acute myeloid leukemia effects of Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam leaf aqueous extract conjugated cadmium nanoparticles.

Material and methods:
To synthesize cadmium nanoparticles (CdNPs), Z. clinopodioides aqueous extract was mixed with Cd(NO₃)₂ . 4 H₂O. The characterization of the biosynthesized cadmium nanoparticles was carried out using many various techniques such as UV-Vis. and FT-IR spectroscopy, XRD, FE-SEM, and EDS.

Results:
The uniform spherical morphology of NPs was proved by FE-SEM images with NPs the average size of 26.78 nm. For investigating the antioxidant properties of Cd(NO₃)₂, Z. clinopodioides, CdNPs, and daunorubicin, the DPPH test was used. The cadmium nanoparticles inhibited half of the DPPH molecules in a concentration of 196 µg/ml. To survey the cytotoxicity and anti-acute myeloid leukemia effects of Cd(NO₃)₂, Z. clinopodioides, CdNPs, and daunorubicin, MTT assay was used on the human acute myeloid leukemia cell lines i.e., murine C1498, 32D-FLT3-ITD, and Human HL-60/vcr. The IC₅₀ of the cadmium nanoparticles was 168, 205, and 210 µg/ml against murine C1498, 32D-FLT3-ITD, and human HL-60/vcr cell lines, respectively. In the in vivo part of the study, DMBA was used for inducing acute myeloid leukemia in mice. CdNPs, similar to daunorubicin, ameliorated significantly (p ≤ 0.01) the biochemical, inflammatory, RBC, WBC, platelet, stereological, histopathological, and cellular-molecular parameters compared to the other groups.

Conclusions:
The cadmium nanoparticles had significant anti-acute myeloid leukemia effects. After approving the above results in the clinical trial studies, these cadmium nanoparticles can be used as a chemotherapeutic drug to treat acute myeloid leukemia in humans.