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RESEARCH LETTER
Steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist use and all-cause mortality in patients with heart failure: insights from the HEROES study
1
Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
2
Department of Cardiology, Holy Spirit Specialist Hospital, Sandomierz, Poland
3
Department of Coronary Disease and Heart Failure, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
4
1st Clinic of Cardiology and Electrotherapy, Swietokrzyskie Cardiology Centre, Kielce, Poland
5
Heart Failure, Mechanical Circulatory Support and Transplant Department, National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
Submission date: 2026-06-01
Final revision date: 2026-08-09
Acceptance date: 2026-08-22
Online publication date: 2026-08-25
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Introduction:
not needed
Material and methods:
not needed
Results:
not needed
Conclusions:
not needed
not needed
Material and methods:
not needed
Results:
not needed
Conclusions:
not needed
REFERENCES (10)
1.
Ferreira JP, Pitt B, Zannad F. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in heart failure: an update. Circ Heart Fail 2024; 17: e011629.
2.
McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, et al. 2023 Focused Update of the 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 2023; 44: 3627-39.
3.
Jhund PS, Talebi A, Henderson AD, et al. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in heart failure: an individual patient level meta-analysis. Lancet 2024; 404: 1119-31.
4.
Khan MS, Khan MS, Moustafa A, et al. Efficacy and safety of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in patients with heart failure and chronic kidney disease. Am J Cardiol 2020; 125: 643-50.
5.
Matsumoto S, Henderson AD, Shen L, et al. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in patients with heart failure and impaired renal function. J Am Coll Cardiol 2024; 83: 2426-36.
6.
Nadel M, Petrykowska-Teysler M, Gorczyca-Głowacka I, et al. Baseline characteristics of 1,422 patients with heart failure from the HEart failuRe ObsErvational Study of the Polish Cardiac Society (HEROES). Arch Med Sci 2025; 21: 2179-83.
7.
Saveski D, Kok M, Poon S, et al. The Canadian Heart Failure (CAN-HF) Registry: A Canadian Multicentre, Retrospective Study of Outpatients with Heart Failure. CJC Open 2024; 7: 1-9.
8.
Lund LH, Crespo-Leiro MG, Laroche C, et al. Heart failure in Europe: guideline-directed medical therapy use and decision making in chronic and acute, pre-existing and de novo, heart failure with reduced, mildly reduced, and preserved ejection fraction - the ESC EORP Heart Failure III Registry. Eur J Heart Fail 2024; 26: 2487-501.
9.
Pfeffer M, Claggett B, Assmann SF, et al. Regional variation in patients and outcomes in the treatment of preserved cardiac function heart failure with an aldosterone antagonist (TOPCAT) Trial. Circulation 2015; 131: 34-42.
10.
American College of Cardiology. Study finds no significant benefit of spironolactone in HFpEF or HFmrEF. Accessed March 29, 2026. https://www.acc.org/About-ACC/....
| eISSN: | 1896-9151 |
| ISSN: | 1734-1922 |
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