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SEXUOLOGY / STATE OF THE ART PAPER
Headaches, hormones, and transgender individuals: current evidence and knowledge gaps
1
Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
2
Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
3
Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
4
Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Oncological Laryngology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland
5
Department of Pharmacokinetics and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
6
Department of Psychiatry, Bielanski Hospital, Warsaw, Poland
Submission date: 2026-04-10
Final revision date: 2026-05-03
Acceptance date: 2026-06-18
Online publication date: 2026-09-05
Corresponding author
Olga Grodzka
Department of Neurology Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry Medical University of Warsaw 80 Cegłowska St 01-809 Warsaw, Poland
Department of Neurology Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry Medical University of Warsaw 80 Cegłowska St 01-809 Warsaw, Poland
KEYWORDS
gender diverse individualsgender diverse populationprimary headache disorderstransgender individuals
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Migraine is a prevalent primary headache disorder affecting 14–17% of the global population and is strongly influenced by sex hormones. However, its characteristics in transgender individuals remain poorly understood and insufficiently studied. This review synthesizes evidence from 126 publications across neurology, otorhinolaryngology, pharmacology, and psychiatry to explore potential relationships between migraine and transgender health. Findings suggest that sex-related differences in migraine extend beyond epidemiology to clinical presentation, severity, and management, and may manifest uniquely in transgender patients. Factors such as gender-affirming hormone therapy, psychosocial stress, internal conflict, minority stress, and societal stigma may contribute to an increased headache burden. Additionally, barriers to healthcare access and limited provider knowledge may further complicate diagnosis and treatment. Despite these insights, data remain limited and fragmented. Greater awareness, interdisciplinary collaboration, and further research are needed to improve understanding and to develop more personalized, inclusive, and effective approaches to migraine management in transgender populations.
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| eISSN: | 1896-9151 |
| ISSN: | 1734-1922 |
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