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ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME / STATE OF THE ART PAPER
Updated focused review of hematological, inflammatory, and lipid biomarkers in acute coronary syndrome
1
Department of Interventional Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, University of Zielona Gora, Collegium Medicum, Zielona Gora, Poland
2
“Club 30”, Polish Cardiac Society, Poland
3
Nowa Sól Multidisciplinary Hospital, Nowa Sol, Poland
4
Department of Cardiology, J. Strus Hospital, Poznan, Poland
5
Department of Hypertension, Angiology, and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
Submission date: 2024-12-13
Final revision date: 2025-07-08
Acceptance date: 2025-07-09
Online publication date: 2025-08-23
Corresponding author
Jan Budzianowski
Department of Interventional Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery University of Zielona Gora Collegium Medicum Zielona Gora, Poland
Department of Interventional Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery University of Zielona Gora Collegium Medicum Zielona Gora, Poland
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
At present, hematological indices and biomarkers of inflammation that may be associated with atherosclerosis and the prediction of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) attract a lot of academic attention. This updated focused review aims to provide an overview of selected ACS biomarkers: white blood cells, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, platelet to lymphocyte ratio, systemic inflammatory index (SII), systemic inflammatory response index (SIRI) and lipoprotein(a). Novel inflammatory-lipid biomarkers such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio, neutrophil to HDL-C ratio, and monocyte to HDL-C ratio may improve ACS diagnosis, risk stratification, clinical prognosis, and optimal management. These indices are inexpensive and easily obtained in daily clinical practice. Artificial intelligence and genetic analysis may improve their diagnostic performance and guide clinical management. The recent data also emphasize that these indices may be promising clinical tools for assessing ACS patients and monitoring the effectiveness of emerging anti-inflammatory strategies.
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